![]() ![]() Wild vegetation such as water reed (Phragmites australis), bulrush/cat tail (Typha spp.), broom (Cytisus scoparius), heather (Calluna vulgaris), and rushes (Juncus spp. Sugar cane leaf roofs are used in Kikuyu tribal homes in Kenya. In Bali, Indonesia, the black fibres of Arenga pinnata called ijuk is also used as thatched roof materials, usually used in Balinese temple roof and meru towers. In Southeast Asia, mangrove nipa palm leaves are used as thatched roof material known as attap dwelling. Alang-alang (Imperata cylindrica) thatched roofs are used in Hawaii and Bali. Feathered palm leaf roofs are used in Dominica. For example, in Na Bure, Fiji, thatchers combine fan palm leaf roofs with layered reed walls. ![]() ![]() The multi-tiered Meru towers of Besakih temple, Bali, uses black ijuk fibres. There are diverse building techniques from the ancient Hawaiian hale shelter made from the local ti leaves (Cordyline fruticosa), lauhala (Pandanus tectorius) or pili grass (Heteropogon contortus). In some equatorial countries, thatch is the prevalent local material for roofs, and often walls. Thatching methods have traditionally been passed down from generation to generation, and numerous descriptions of the materials and methods used in Europe over the past three centuries survive in archives and early publications.
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